metadata {

authority_id: un
id: 1972
language: iso-639-2:nep
source_script: Deva
destination_script: Latn
name: Romanization of Nepali (1972)
url: https://www.eki.ee/wgrs/v3_0/rom1_ne.pdf
creation_date: 1972
confirmation_date: 2010
description: |
  The United Nations recommended system was approved in 1972 (II/11), based on a report
  prepared by D. N. Sharma. The note on the system was published in volume II of the
  conference report.

  There is no evidence of the use of the system either in Nepal or in international cartographic
  products. The resolution IV/17 (1982) recommended association, inter alia, with Nepal in
  carrying out further studies on the system. In Nepal a system of romanization is employed by
  the Nepal Survey Department (NSD). This system has been applied to names appearing on
  national mapping, and it is also used in the Geographic Information Infrastructure Programme
  (NGIIP).

  Nepali (Nepālī) uses the alphasyllabic script Devanāgarī.

notes:

  - In normal spelling ṙ and ṙh are not marked, instead dotless ड ḍa, ढ ḍha are used to denote these sounds.
  - |
    Ligatures may be formed with r as the first component: ~ह rha.

  ######################################## Additional Note ############################################################
  #    It is recommended that the vowel अ (a) should always be romanized except when it ends a                        #
  #    name. In the scheme we are not yet able to detect a name. Analysing language pattern and the example           #
  #    we found that actually when a word ends with a consonant it should be transliterated without the vowel in it.  #
  #    so we are applying this rule as if a word ends with a consonant, in this case we are removing the ending 'a'.  #
  #####################################################################################################################

}

tests {

test "नेपाल", "nepāl"
test "नेपाल काठ्माडौं", "nepāl kāṭhmāḍauṁ"
test "लेखन", "lekhan"
test "मुद्रा", "mudrā"
test "प्रशंसा", "prashaṁsā"
test "अंक", "aṁk"
test "नेकपाले स्थगित स्थायी कमिटीको बैठक भदौ गते बोलाउने भएको", "nekapāle sthagit sthāyī kamiṭīko baiṭhak bhadau gate bolāune bhaeko"
test "न घर रह्यो, न परिवार", "n ghar rahyo, n parivār"
test "ढोरपाटनमा भुजीखोला बाढीपहिरोले अभिभावक गुमाएका बालबालिकाको बिचल्ली", "ḍhorapāṭanamā bhujīkholā bāḍhīpahirole abhibhāvak gumāekā bālabālikāko bichallī"
test "सुस्मिताका काका हेमबहादुर र काकीलाई पनि पहिरोले बगायो", "susmitākā kākā hemabahādur r kākīlāī pani pahirole bagāyo"
test "संविधान जारी भएसँगै सार्वजनिक प्रशासनमा नयाँ उत्साह आउने अपेक्षा थियो", "saṁvidhān jārī bhaesam̐gai sārvajanik prashāsanamā nayām̐ utsāh āune apekṣhā thiyo"
test "देशमा कोरोना संक्रमित र मृतकको संख्या हरेक दिन बढ्दो छ", "deshamā koronā saṁkramit r mṛtakako saṁkhyā harek din baḍhdo chh"
test "गाउँपालिकाका अध्यक्ष टिका गुरुङका अनुसार विष्णुदासलाई राजुले सुत्नका लागि बेलुका साथी लगेका थिए", "gāum̐pālikākā adhyakṣh ṭikā guruṅakā anusār viṣhṇudāsalāī rājule sutnakā lāgi belukā sāthī lagekā thie"
test "यो आयोजना गाउँपालिकाको केन्द्र तेल्लोकमा पर्छ", "yo āyojanā gāum̐pālikāko kendr tellokamā parchh"
test "सुस्मिताका काका हेमबहादुर र काकीलाई पनि पहिरोले बगायो", "susmitākā kākā hemabahādur r kākīlāī pani pahirole bagāyo"
test "चैत पहिलो साता घर आएका उनी लकडाउन भएपछि यतै रोकिए", "chait pahilo sātā ghar āekā unī lakaḍāun bhaepachhi yatai rokie"
test "काम गर्न जानेको हकमा रोजगारदाता कम्पनीको पत्रसँगै वडा र जिल्ला प्रशासनको सिफारिस अनिवार्य गरिएको छ", "kām garn jāneko hakamā rojagāradātā kampanīko patrasam̐gai vaḍā r jillā prashāsanako siphāris anivāry garieko chh"
test "ऋण", "ṛṇ"
test "अर्पित", "arpit"
test "अरार्यते", "arāryate"
test "श्रीमान्", "shrīmān"
test "खाँचो बिरुवा बैंकको", "khām̐cho biruvā baiṁkako"

}

aliases {

def_alias deva_characters_1, any("\u093E\u093F\u0940\u0941\u0942\u0943\u0944\u0945\u0947\u0948\u0949\u094B\u094C\u0020\u094d")

}

stage {

# RULES
sub "क" + maybe("="), "k", after: deva_characters_1
sub "क", "k", after: boundary

sub "ख" + maybe("="), "kh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ख", "kh", after: boundary

sub "ग" + maybe("="), "g", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ग", "g", after: boundary

sub "घ" + maybe("="), "gh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "घ", "gh", after: boundary

sub "ङ" + maybe("="), "ṅ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ङ", "ṅ", after: boundary

sub "च" + maybe("="), "ch", after: deva_characters_1
sub "च", "ch", after: boundary

sub "छ" + maybe("="), "chh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "छ", "chh", after: boundary

sub "ज" + maybe("="), "j", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ज", "j", after: boundary

sub "झ" + maybe("="), "jh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "झ", "jh", after: boundary

sub "ञ" + maybe("="), "ñ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ञ", "ñ", after: boundary

sub "ट" + maybe("="), "ṭ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ट", "ṭ", after: boundary

sub "ठ" + maybe("="), "ṭh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ठ", "ṭh", after: boundary

sub "ड" + maybe("="), "ḍ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ड", "ḍ", after: boundary

sub "ढ" + maybe("="), "ḍh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ढ", "ḍh", after: boundary

sub "ण" + maybe("="), "ṇ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ण", "ṇ", after: boundary

sub "त" + maybe("="), "t", after: deva_characters_1
sub "त", "t", after: boundary

sub "थ" + maybe("="), "th", after: deva_characters_1
sub "थ", "th", after: boundary

sub "द" + maybe("="), "d", after: deva_characters_1
sub "द", "d", after: boundary

sub "ध" + maybe("="), "dh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ध", "dh", after: boundary

sub "न" + maybe("="), "n", after: deva_characters_1
sub "न", "n", after: boundary

sub "प" + maybe("="), "p", after: deva_characters_1
sub "प", "p", after: boundary

sub "फ" + maybe("="), "ph", after: deva_characters_1
sub "फ", "ph", after: boundary

sub "ब" + maybe("="), "b", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ब", "b", after: boundary

sub "भ" + maybe("="), "bh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "भ", "bh", after: boundary

sub "म" + maybe("="), "m", after: deva_characters_1
sub "म", "m", after: boundary

sub "य" + maybe("="), "y", after: deva_characters_1
sub "य", "y", after: boundary

sub "र" + maybe("="), "r", after: deva_characters_1
sub "र", "r", after: boundary

sub "ल" + maybe("="), "l", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ल", "l", after: boundary

sub "व" + maybe("="), "v", after: deva_characters_1
sub "व", "v", after: boundary

sub "श" + maybe("="), "sh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "श", "sh", after: boundary

sub "ष" + maybe("="), "ṣh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ष", "ṣh", after: boundary

sub "स" + maybe("="), "s", after: deva_characters_1
sub "स", "s", after: boundary

sub "क़" + maybe("="), "q", after: deva_characters_1
sub "क़", "q", after: boundary

sub "ख़" + maybe("="), "ḳh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ख़", "ḳh", after: boundary

sub "ग़" + maybe("="), "g", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ग़", "g", after: boundary

sub "ज़" + maybe("="), "z", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ज़", "z", after: boundary

sub "ड़" + maybe("="), "ṙ", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ड़", "ṙ", after: boundary

sub "ढ़" + maybe("="), "ṙh", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ढ़", "ṙh", after: boundary

sub "फ़" + maybe("="), "f", after: deva_characters_1
sub "फ़", "f", after: boundary

sub "ह" + maybe("="), "h", after: deva_characters_1
sub "ह", "h", after: boundary

# CHARACTERS
parallel {

  # Vowels and Diphthongs
  sub "अ", "a"
  sub "आ", "ā"
  sub "इ", "i"
  sub "ई", "ī"
  sub "उ", "u"
  sub "ऊ", "ū"
  sub "ऋ", "ṛ"
  sub "ॠ", "ṝ"
  sub "ऌ", "l̤"
  sub "ए", "e"
  sub "ऐ", "ai"
  sub "ओ", "o"
  sub "औ", "au"

  # Medials # Needed for connecting constants

  sub "ा", "ā"
  sub "ि", "i"
  sub "ी", "ī"
  sub "ु", "u"
  sub "ू", "ū"
  sub "ृ", "ṛ"
  sub "े", "e"
  sub "ै", "ai"
  sub "ो", "o"
  sub "ौ", "au"

  # Consonants (see Note 1)

  # Gutturals
  sub "क", "ka"
  sub "ख", "kha"
  sub "ग", "ga"
  sub "घ", "gha"
  sub "ङ", "ṅa"

  # Palatals
  sub "च", "cha"
  sub "छ", "chha"
  sub "ज", "ja"
  sub "झ", "jha"
  sub "ञ", "ña"

  # Cerebrals
  sub "ट", "ṭa"
  sub "ठ", "ṭha"
  sub "ड", "ḍa"
  sub "ढ", "ḍha"
  sub "ण", "ṇa"

  # Dentals
  sub "त", "ta"
  sub "थ", "tha"
  sub "द", "da"
  sub "ध", "dha"
  sub "न", "na"

  # Labials
  sub "प", "pa"
  sub "फ", "pha"
  sub "ब", "ba"
  sub "भ", "bha"
  sub "म", "ma"

  # Semivowels
  sub "य", "ya"
  sub "र", "ra"
  sub "ल", "la"
  sub "व", "va" # or wa [Note#3]

  # Sibilants
  sub "श", "sha"
  sub "ष", "ṣha"
  sub "स", "sa"

  # Dotted variants
  sub "क़", "qa"
  sub "ख़", "ḳha"
  sub "ग़", "ga"
  sub "ज़", "za"
  sub "ड़", "ṙa"
  sub "ढ़", "ṙha"
  sub "फ़", "fa"

  # Aspirate
  sub "ह", "ha"

  # Anusvāra
  sub "ं", "ṁ"

  # Anunāsika
  sub "ँ", "m̐"

  # halanta
  sub "्", ""
}
compose

}