metadata {
authority_id: bgnpcgn id: 2007 language: iso-639-2:tir source_script: Ethi destination_script: Latn name: Romanization of Tigrinya (2007) url: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/693783/ROMANIZATION_OF_TIGRINYA.pdf creation_date: 2007 description: | The BGN/PCGN system for Tigrinya is designed for use in romanizing geographical names written in Tigrinya (Ge’ez) characters. The Roman letters and letter combinations shown as ek’uivalents to the Tigrinya characters reflect modern Tigrinya pronunciation, while taking into account some conscious archaisms based on Ge’ez and liturgical practices. notes: - | Where consonant character sequences give rise to the romanizations k-h, n-y, z-h and s-h, a hyphen may be added between them to differentiate those romanizations from the digraphs kh, ny, zh and sh. - | Where possible, consonant gemination should be reflected. Though not evident from the Ge’ez script, this may be ascertained from a reference source, such as the Tigrinya-English dictionary, Thomas Leiper Kane, Dunwoody Press, Springfield, VA, 2000. - | An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations, with their Unicode encoding, in addition to the unmodified letters of the basic Roman script is: All apostrophes appearing in romanization are U+2019, except as they appear in row 21, which are U+2018. Ĭ (U+012C) ĭ (U+012D) Ḥ (U+0048+0323) ḥ (U+0068+0323) - | The Romanization column shows only lowercase forms but, when romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should be used. - | Table footnote 1. The 6th-order characters should be romanized either with or without the letter ĭ, depending on pronunciation. - | Table footnote 2. Forms of the consonant character ሠ are understood to be becoming obsolete in Tigrinya. - | Table footnote 3. The vowel characters in row 17 should be romanized with the apostrophe unless appearing as a word-initial. - | Table footnote 4. Forms of the character አ are understood to be falling into disuse in Tigrinya.
}
tests {
test "የዜግነት ክብር በ ኢትዮጵያችን ጸንቶ", "yeziegĭnetĭ kĭbĭrĭ be ’itĭyop’ĭyachĭnĭ ts’enĭto" test "ታየ ሕዝባዊነት ዳር እስከዳር በርቶ", "taye ḥĭzĭbawinetĭ darĭ ’ĭsĭkedarĭ berĭto" test "ለሰላም ለፍትህ ለሕዝቦች ነጻነት", "leselamĭ lefĭtĭhĭ leḥĭzĭbochĭ nets’anetĭ" test "በእኩልነት በፍቅር ቆመናል ባንድነት", "be’ĭkulĭnetĭ befĭk’ĭrĭ k’omenalĭ banĭdĭnetĭ" test "መሠረተ ፅኑ ሰብዕናን ያልሻርን", "meserete ts’ĭnu sebĭ‘ĭnanĭ yalĭsharĭnĭ" test "ሕዝቦች ነን ለሥራ በሥራ የኖርን", "ḥĭzĭbochĭ nenĭ lesĭra besĭra yenorĭnĭ" test "ድንቅ የባህል መድረክ ያኩሪ ቅርስ ባለቤት", "dĭnĭk’ĭ yebahĭlĭ medĭrekĭ yakuri k’ĭrĭsĭ balebietĭ" test "የተፈጥሮ ጸጋ የጀግና ሕዝብ እናት", "yetefet’ĭro ts’ega yejegĭna ḥĭzĭbĭ ’ĭnatĭ" test "እንጠብቅሻለን አለብን አደራ", "’ĭnĭt’ebĭk’ĭshalenĭ ’elebĭnĭ ’edera" test "ኢትዮጵያችን ኑሪ እኛም ባንቺ እንኩራ", "’itĭyop’ĭyachĭnĭ nuri ’ĭnyamĭ banĭchi ’ĭnĭkura" test "ቋንቋ የድምጽ, የምልክት ወይም የምስል ቅንብር ሆኖ", "k’wanĭk’wa yedĭmĭts’ĭ, yemĭlĭkĭtĭ weyĭmĭ yemĭsĭlĭ k’ĭnĭbĭrĭ hono" test "ለማሰብ ወይም የታሰበን ሃሳብ ለሌላ ለማስተላለፍ የሚረዳ መሳሪያ ነው", "lemasebĭ weyĭmĭ yetasebenĭ hasabĭ leliela lemasĭtelalefĭ yemireda mesariya newĭ" test "በአጭሩ ቋንቋ የምልክቶች ስርዓትና እኒህን ምልክቶች ለማቀናበር", "be’ech’ĭru k’wanĭk’wa yemĭlĭkĭtochĭ sĭrĭ‘atĭna ’ĭnihĭnĭ mĭlĭkĭtochĭ lemak’enaberĭ" test "የሚያስፈልጉ ህጎች ጥንቅር ነው. ቋንቋወችን ለመፈረጅ እንዲሁም", "yemiyasĭfelĭgu hĭgochĭ t’ĭnĭk’ĭrĭ newĭ. k’wanĭk’wawechĭnĭ lemeferejĭ ’ĭnĭdihumĭ" test "ለምክፈል የሚያስችሉ መስፈርቶችን ለማስቀመጥ ባለው ችግር", "lemĭkĭfelĭ yemiyasĭchĭlu mesĭferĭtochĭnĭ lemasĭk’emet’ĭ balewĭ chĭgĭrĭ" test "ምክንያት በአሁኑ ሰዓት በርግጠኝነት ስንት ቋንቋ በዓለም ላይ", "mĭkĭnĭyatĭ be’ehunu se‘atĭ berĭgĭt’enyĭnetĭ sĭnĭtĭ k’wanĭk’wa be‘alemĭ layĭ" test "እንዳለ ማወቅ አስቸጋሪ ነው", "’ĭnĭdale mawek’ĭ ’esĭchegari newĭ" test "አሰላ", "’esela" test "አሶሳ", "’esosa" test "አንኮበር", "’enĭkoberĭ" test "አክሱም", "’ekĭsumĭ" test "አዋሳ", "’ewasa" test "አዲስ ዘመን (ከተማ)", "’edisĭ zemenĭ (ketema)" test "አዲግራት", "’edigĭratĭ" test "አዳማ", "’edama" test "ደምበጫ", "demĭbech’a" test "ደርባ", "derĭba" test "ደብረ ማርቆስ", "debĭre marĭk’osĭ" test "ደብረ ብርሃን", "debĭre bĭrĭhanĭ" test "ደብረ ታቦር (ከተማ)", "debĭre taborĭ (ketema)" test "ደብረ ዘይት", "debĭre zeyĭtĭ" test "ደገሃቡር", "degehaburĭ" test "ወልቂጤ", "welĭk’it’ie" test "ወልወል", "welĭwelĭ" test "ወልደያ", "welĭdeya" test "ናይሎ ሳህራን", "nayĭlo sahĭranĭ" test "አኙዋክኛ", "’enyuwakĭnya" test "ኡዱክኛ", "’udukĭnya" test "ኦፓኛ", "’opanya" test "ጉምዝኛ", "gumĭzĭnya" test "አፋርኛ", "’efarĭnya" test "አላባኛ", "’elabanya" test "አርቦርኛ", "’erĭborĭnya" test "ባይሶኛ", "bayĭsonya" test "ቡሳኛ", "busanya" test "ሁለተኛ ጥፋት ከገበያ ማንቀላፋት", "huletenya t’ĭfatĭ kegebeya manĭk’elafatĭ" test "ሁሉም ከልኩ አያልፍም", "hulumĭ kelĭku ’eyalĭfĭmĭ" test "አልሞት ባይ ተጋዳይ", "’elĭmotĭ bayĭ tegadayĭ" test "ውርድ ከራሴ", "wĭrĭdĭ kerasie" test "ፀጉር መሰንጠቅ", "ts’egurĭ mesenĭt’ek’ĭ" test "ግንትር ፀሐይ", "gĭnĭtĭrĭ ts’eḥeyĭ" test "በሬ ወለደ", "berie welede" test "ራስ ሳይጠና ጉተና", "rasĭ sayĭt’ena gutena" test "ለሆዴ ጠግቤ በልብሴ አንግቤ", "lehodie t’egĭbie belĭbĭsie ’enĭgĭbie" test "ለልጅ ከሳቁለት ለውሻ ከሮጡለት", "lelĭjĭ kesak’uletĭ lewĭsha kerot’uletĭ" test "መልካም ባል መጥፎ ሴት ይገራል", "melĭkamĭ balĭ met’ĭfo sietĭ yĭgeralĭ" test "ሆድና ግንባር አይሸሸግም", "hodĭna gĭnĭbarĭ ’eyĭsheshegĭmĭ" test "ቀሊል አማት ሲሶ በትር አላት", "k’elilĭ ’ematĭ siso betĭrĭ ’elatĭ" test "ጨው ለራስህ ብለህ ጣፍጥ አለበለዚያ ድንጋይ ነው ብለው ይወረውሩሀል", "ch’ewĭ lerasĭhĭ bĭlehĭ t’afĭt’ĭ ’elebeleziya dĭnĭgayĭ newĭ bĭlewĭ yĭwerewĭruhelĭ" test "ጀምሮ ይጨርሳል አልሞ ይተኩሳል", "jemĭro yĭch’erĭsalĭ ’elĭmo yĭtekusalĭ"
}
stage {
# CHARACTERS parallel { sub "\u1200", "he" # ሀ sub "\u1201", "hu" # ሁ sub "\u1202", "hi" # ሂ sub "\u1203", "ha" # ሃ sub "\u1204", "hie" # ሄ sub "\u1205", any(["hĭ", "h"]) # ህ sub "\u1206", "ho" # ሆ sub "\u1208", "le" # ለ sub "\u1209", "lu" # ሉ sub "\u120A", "li" # ሊ sub "\u120B", "la" # ላ sub "\u120C", "lie" # ሌ sub "\u120D", any(["lĭ", "l"]) # ል sub "\u120E", "lo" # ሎ sub "\u1210", "ḥe" # ሐ sub "\u1211", "ḥu" # ሑ sub "\u1212", "ḥi" # ሒ sub "\u1213", "ḥa" # ሓ sub "\u1214", "ḥie" # ሔ sub "\u1215", any(["ḥĭ", "ḥ"]) # ሕ sub "\u1216", "ḥo" # ሖ sub "\u1218", "me" # መ sub "\u1219", "mu" # ሙ sub "\u121A", "mi" # ሚ sub "\u121B", "ma" # ማ sub "\u121C", "mie" # ሜ sub "\u121D", any(["mĭ", "m"]) # ም sub "\u121E", "mo" # ሞ # TODO: NOTE 2: # Where possible, consonant gemination should be reflected. Though not # evident from the Ge’ez script, this may be ascertained from a reference # source, such as the Tigrinya-English dictionary, Thomas Leiper Kane, # Dunwoody Press, Springfield, VA, 2000. sub "\u1220", "se" # ሠ sub "\u1221", "su" # ሡ sub "\u1222", "si" # ሢ sub "\u1223", "sa" # ሣ sub "\u1224", "sie" # ሤ sub "\u1225", any(["sĭ", "s"]) # ሥ sub "\u1226", "so" # ሦ sub "\u1228", "re" # ረ sub "\u1229", "ru" # ሩ sub "\u122A", "ri" # ሪ sub "\u122B", "ra" # ራ sub "\u122C", "rie" # ሬ sub "\u122D", any(["rĭ", "r"]) # ር sub "\u122E", "ro" # ሮ sub "\u1230", "se" # ሰ sub "\u1231", "su" # ሱ sub "\u1232", "si" # ሲ sub "\u1233", "sa" # ሳ sub "\u1234", "sie" # ሴ sub "\u1235", any(["sĭ", "s"]) # ስ sub "\u1236", "so" # ሶ sub "\u1238", "she" # ሸ sub "\u1239", "shu" # ሹ sub "\u123A", "shi" # ሺ sub "\u123B", "sha" # ሻ sub "\u123C", "shie" # ሼ sub "\u123D", any(["shĭ", "sh"]) # ሽ sub "\u123E", "sho" # ሾ sub "\u1240", "k’e" # ቀ sub "\u1241", "k’u" # ቁ sub "\u1242", "k’i" # ቂ sub "\u1243", "k’a" # ቃ sub "\u1244", "k’ie" # ቄ sub "\u1245", any(["k’ĭ", "k’"]) # ቅ sub "\u1246", "k’o" # ቆ sub "\u1250", "kh’e" # ቐ sub "\u1251", "kh’u" # ቑ sub "\u1252", "kh’i" # ቒ sub "\u1253", "kh’a" # ቓ sub "\u1254", "kh’ie" # ቔ sub "\u1255", any(["kh’ĭ", "kh’"]) # ቕ sub "\u1256", "kh’o" # ቖ sub "\u1260", "be" # በ sub "\u1261", "bu" # ቡ sub "\u1262", "bi" # ቢ sub "\u1263", "ba" # ባ sub "\u1264", "bie" # ቤ sub "\u1265", any(["bĭ", "b"]) # ብ sub "\u1266", "bo" # ቦ sub "\u1270", "te" # ተ sub "\u1271", "tu" # ቱ sub "\u1272", "ti" # ቲ sub "\u1273", "ta" # ታ sub "\u1274", "tie" # ቴ sub "\u1275", any(["tĭ", "t"]) # ት sub "\u1276", "to" # ቶ sub "\u1278", "che" # ቸ sub "\u1279", "chu" # ቹ sub "\u127A", "chi" # ቺ sub "\u127B", "cha" # ቻ sub "\u127C", "chie" # ቼ sub "\u127D", any(["chĭ", "ch"]) # ች sub "\u127E", "cho" # ቾ sub "\u1280", "ḥe" # ኀ sub "\u1281", "ḥu" # ኁ sub "\u1282", "ḥi" # ኂ sub "\u1283", "ḥa" # ኃ sub "\u1284", "ḥie" # ኄ sub "\u1285", any(["ḥĭ", "ḥ"]) # ኅ sub "\u1286", "ḥo" # ኆ sub "\u1290", "ne" # ነ sub "\u1291", "nu" # ኑ sub "\u1292", "ni" # ኒ sub "\u1293", "na" # ና sub "\u1294", "nie" # ኔ sub "\u1295", any(["nĭ", "n"]) # ን sub "\u1296", "no" # ኖ sub "\u1298", "nye" # ኘ sub "\u1299", "nyu" # ኙ sub "\u129A", "nyi" # ኚ sub "\u129B", "nya" # ኛ sub "\u129C", "nyie" # ኜ sub "\u129D", any(["nyĭ", "ny"]) # ኝ sub "\u129E", "nyo" # ኞ # NOTE 3 The vowel characters in row 17 should be romanized with the # apostrophe unless appearing as a word-initial. # NOTE 4 Forms of the character አ are understood to be falling into disuse # in Tigrinya. sub "\u12A0", "’e" # አ sub "\u12A1", "’u" # ኡ sub "\u12A2", "’i" # ኢ sub "\u12A3", "’a" # ኣ sub "\u12A4", "’ie" # ኤ sub "\u12A5", any(["’ĭ", "ĭ"]) # እ sub "\u12A6", "’o" # ኦ sub "\u12A8", "ke" # ከ sub "\u12A9", "ku" # ኩ sub "\u12AA", "ki" # ኪ sub "\u12AB", "ka" # ካ sub "\u12AC", "kie" # ኬ sub "\u12AD", any(["kĭ", "k"]) # ክ sub "\u12AE", "ko" # ኮ sub "\u12B8", "khe" # ኸ sub "\u12B9", "khu" # ኹ sub "\u12BA", "khi" # ኺ sub "\u12BB", "kha" # ኻ sub "\u12BC", "khie" # ኼ sub "\u12BD", any(["khĭ", "kh"]) # ኽ sub "\u12BE", "kho" # ኾ sub "\u12C8", "we" # ወ sub "\u12C9", "wu" # ዉ sub "\u12CA", "wi" # ዊ sub "\u12CB", "wa" # ዋ sub "\u12CC", "wie" # ዌ sub "\u12CD", any(["wĭ", "w"]) # ው sub "\u12CE", "wo" # ዎ sub "\u12D0", "‘e" # ዐ sub "\u12D1", "‘u" # ዑ sub "\u12D2", "‘i" # ዒ sub "\u12D3", "‘a" # ዓ sub "\u12D4", "‘ie" # ዔ sub "\u12D5", any(["‘ĭ", "‘"]) # ዕ sub "\u12D6", "‘o" # ዖ sub "\u12D8", "ze" # ዘ sub "\u12D9", "zu" # ዙ sub "\u12DA", "zi" # ዚ sub "\u12DB", "za" # ዛ sub "\u12DC", "zie" # ዜ sub "\u12DD", any(["zĭ", "z"]) # ዝ sub "\u12DE", "zo" # ዞ sub "\u12E0", "zhe" # ዠ sub "\u12E1", "zhu" # ዡ sub "\u12E2", "zhi" # ዢ sub "\u12E3", "zha" # ዣ sub "\u12E4", "zhie" # ዤ sub "\u12E5", any(["zhĭ", "zh"]) # ዥ sub "\u12E6", "zho" # ዦ sub "\u12E8", "ye" # የ sub "\u12E9", "yu" # ዩ sub "\u12EA", "yi" # ዪ sub "\u12EB", "ya" # ያ sub "\u12EC", "yie" # ዬ sub "\u12ED", any(["yĭ", "y"]) # ይ sub "\u12EE", "yo" # ዮ sub "\u12F0", "de" # ደ sub "\u12F1", "du" # ዱ sub "\u12F2", "di" # ዲ sub "\u12F3", "da" # ዳ sub "\u12F4", "die" # ዴ sub "\u12F5", any(["dĭ", "d"]) # ድ sub "\u12F6", "do" # ዶ sub "\u1300", "je" # ጀ sub "\u1301", "ju" # ጁ sub "\u1302", "ji" # ጂ sub "\u1303", "ja" # ጃ sub "\u1304", "jie" # ጄ sub "\u1305", any(["jĭ", "j"]) # ጅ sub "\u1306", "jo" # ጆ sub "\u1308", "ge" # ገ sub "\u1309", "gu" # ጉ sub "\u130A", "gi" # ጊ sub "\u130B", "ga" # ጋ sub "\u130C", "gie" # ጌ sub "\u130D", any(["gĭ", "g"]) # ግ sub "\u130E", "go" # ጎ sub "\u1320", "t’e" # ጠ sub "\u1321", "t’u" # ጡ sub "\u1322", "t’i" # ጢ sub "\u1323", "t’a" # ጣ sub "\u1324", "t’ie" # ጤ sub "\u1325", any(["t’ĭ", "t’"]) # ጥ sub "\u1326", "t’o" # ጦ sub "\u1328", "ch’e" # ጨ sub "\u1329", "ch’u" # ጩ sub "\u132A", "ch’i" # ጪ sub "\u132B", "ch’a" # ጫ sub "\u132C", "ch’ie" # ጬ sub "\u132D", any(["ch’ĭ", "ch’"]) # ጭ sub "\u132E", "ch’o" # ጮ sub "\u1330", "p’e" # ጰ sub "\u1331", "p’u" # ጱ sub "\u1332", "p’i" # ጲ sub "\u1333", "p’a" # ጳ sub "\u1334", "p’ie" # ጴ sub "\u1335", any(["p’ĭ", "p’"]) # ጵ sub "\u1336", "p’o" # ጶ sub "\u1338", "ts’e" # ጸ sub "\u1339", "ts’u" # ጹ sub "\u133A", "ts’i" # ጺ sub "\u133B", "ts’a" # ጻ sub "\u133C", "ts’ie" # ጼ sub "\u133D", any(["ts’ĭ", "ts’"]) # ጽ sub "\u133E", "ts’o" # ጾ sub "\u1340", "ts’e" # ፀ sub "\u1341", "ts’u" # ፁ sub "\u1342", "ts’i" # ፂ sub "\u1343", "ts’a" # ፃ sub "\u1344", "ts’ie" # ፄ sub "\u1345", any(["ts’ĭ", "ts’"]) # ፅ sub "\u1346", "ts’o" # ፆ sub "\u1348", "fe" # ፈ sub "\u1349", "fu" # ፉ sub "\u134A", "fi" # ፊ sub "\u134B", "fa" # ፋ sub "\u134C", "fie" # ፌ sub "\u134D", any(["fĭ", "f"]) # ፍ sub "\u134E", "fo" # ፎ sub "\u1350", "pe" # ፐ sub "\u1351", "pu" # ፑ sub "\u1352", "pi" # ፒ sub "\u1353", "pa" # ፓ sub "\u1354", "pie" # ፔ sub "\u1355", any(["pĭ", "p"]) # ፕ sub "\u1356", "po" # ፖ sub "\u1268", "ve" # ቨ sub "\u1269", "vu" # ቩ sub "\u126A", "vi" # ቪ sub "\u126B", "va" # ቫ sub "\u126C", "vie" # ቬ sub "\u126D", any(["vĭ", "v"]) # ቭ sub "\u126E", "vo" # ቮ # Combinations with W (Labialized Consonants) sub "\u1248", "k’we" # ቈ sub "\u124a", "k’wi" # ቊ sub "\u124b", "k’wa" # ቋ sub "\u124c", "k’wie" # ቌ sub "\u124d", any(["k’wĭ", "k’w"]) # ቍ sub "\u1288", "ḥwe" # ኈ sub "\u128a", "ḥwi" # ኊ sub "\u128b", "ḥwa" # ኋ sub "\u128c", "ḥwie" # ኌ sub "\u128d", any(["ḥwĭ", "ḥw"]) # ኍ sub "\u12b0", "kwe" # ኰ sub "\u12b2", "kwi" # ኲ sub "\u12b3", "kwa" # ኳ sub "\u12b4", "kwie" # ኴ sub "\u12b5", any(["kwĭ", "kw"]) # ኵ sub "\u1310", "gwe" # ጐ sub "\u1312", "gwi" # ጒ sub "\u1313", "gwa" # ጓ sub "\u1314", "gwie" # ጔ sub "\u1315", any(["gwĭ", "gw"]) # ጕ sub "\u12c0", "khwe" # ዀ sub "\u12c2", "khwi" # ዂ sub "\u12c3", "khwa" # ዃ sub "\u12c4", "khwie" # ዄ sub "\u12c5", any(["khwĭ", "khw"]) # ዅ sub "\u1258", "kh’e" # ቘ sub "\u125a", "kh’i" # ቚ sub "\u125b", "kh’a" # ቛ sub "\u125c", "kh’ie" # ቜ sub "\u125d", any(["kh’ĭ", "kh’"]) # ቝ sub "\u120f", "lwa" # ሏ sub "\u121f", "mwa" # ሟ sub "\u122f", "rwa" # ሯ sub "\u1237", "swa" # ሷ sub "\u123f", "shwa" # ሿ sub "\u1267", "bwa" # ቧ sub "\u1277", "twa" # ቷ sub "\u127f", "chwa" # ቿ sub "\u1297", "nwa" # ኗ sub "\u129f", "nywa" # ኟ sub "\u12df", "zwa" # ዟ sub "\u12e7", "zhwa" # ዧ sub "\u12f7", "dwa" # ዷ sub "\u1307", "jwa" # ጇ sub "\u1327", "t’wa" # ጧ sub "\u132f", "ch’wa" # ጯ sub "\u133f", "ts’wa" # ጿ sub "\u134f", "fwa" # ፏ # Numerals sub "\u1369", "1" # ፩ sub "\u136A", "2" # ፪ sub "\u136B", "3" # ፫ sub "\u136C", "4" # ፬ sub "\u136D", "5" # ፭ sub "\u136E", "6" # ፮ sub "\u136F", "7" # ፯ sub "\u1370", "8" # ፰ sub "\u1371", "9" # ፱ sub "\u1372", "10" # ፲ sub "\u1372\u1369", "11" # ፲፩ sub "\u1373", "20" # ፳ sub "\u1373\u1369", "21" # ፳፩ sub "\u1374", "30" # ፴ sub "\u1375", "40" # ፵ sub "\u1376", "50" # ፶ sub "\u1377", "60" # ፷ sub "\u1379", "80" # ፹ sub "\u137A", "90" # ፺ sub "\u137B", "100" # ፻ # These two rules are not defined in the sytsem. # sub "\u1372\u137B", "1000" # ፲፻ # sub "\u137B\u137B", "10000" # ፻፻ # Punctuation sub "፡", " " # Word Break (space) sub "፣", "," # Comma sub "፤", ";" # Semicolon sub "።", "." # Period }
}