metadata {
authority_id: un id: 2016 language: iso-639-2:hin source_script: Deva destination_script: Latn name: Romanization of Hindi -- UNGEGN 4.0 url: https://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_hi.pdf creation_date: 1972 confirmation_date: 2016 description: | The United Nations recommended system was approved in 1972 (II/11) and amended in 1977 (III/12), based on a report prepared by D. N. Sharma. The tables and their corrections were published in volume II of the conference reports. There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products. It was stated in 1987 that the appropriate resolution had not been implemented in India and the Hunterian system was still in use in large-scale mapping Hindi uses the alphasyllabic script Devanāgarī whereby each character represents a syllable rather than one sound. Vowels and diphthongs are marked in two ways: as independent characters (used syllable-initially) and in an abbreviated form, to denote vowels after consonants. The romanization table is unambiguous but the user would have to recognize many ligatures not given in the original table (only three are given). The system is mostly reversible but there may exist some ambiguities in the romanization of vowels (independent vs. abbreviated characters) and consonants notes: - | It is recommended that the vowel अ (a) should always be romanized except when it ends a name. If a name ends with a consonant, the consonant should carry a sub-macron. Such cases, however, will be very rare. For example, कानपुर Kānapur (not Kānapura), जगत् Jagat. - | If each letter of a digraph or any two parts of a trigraph has a distinct independent sound then it should be indicated by a hyphen, thus d-h. ######################################## Additional Note ############################################################ # It is recommended that the vowel अ (a) should always be romanized except when it ends a # # name. In the scheme we are not yet able to detect a name. Analysing language pattern and the example # # we found that actually when a word ends with a consonant it should be transliterated without the vowel in it. # # so we are applying this rule as if a word ends with a consonant, in this case we are removing the ending 'a'. # #####################################################################################################################
}
tests {
test "दिल्ली", "dillī" test "भारत", "bhārat" test "परिपक्क", "paripakk" test "जगत्", "jagat" test "संख्या", "saṁkhyā" test "गंभीर मरीजों के मामले में भारत दूसरे नंबर पर", "gaṁbhīr marījoṁ ke māmale meṁ bhārat dūsare naṁbar par" test "कोरोना अपडेट्स", "koronā apaḍeṭs" test "सीडीसी चीफ का बयान अहम", "sīḍīsī chīph kā bayān aham" test "गूगल प्ले स्टोर पर पेटीएम की वापसी", "gūgal ple sṭor par peṭīem kī vāpasī" test "भारत में गैंबलिंग की इजाजत नहीं", "bhārat meṁ gaiṁbaliṁg kī ijājat nahīṁ" test "कोरोना वैक्सीन मुद्दे पर घिरे राष्ट्रपति; जो बाइडेन बोले- मुझे और देश को वैज्ञानिकों पर भरोसा है, डोनाल्ड ट्रम्प पर नहीं", "koronā vaiksīn mudde par ghire rāṣhṭrapati; jo bāiḍen bole- mujhe aur desh ko vaijñānikoṁ par bharosā hai, ḍonālḍ ṭramp par nahīṁ" test "गूगल की कार्रवाई पर पेटीएम ने कहा था कि ऐप को अस्थायी तौर पर प्ले-स्टोर से हटाया गया है, आपके पैसे सुरक्षित हैं", "gūgal kī kārravāī par peṭīem ne kahā thā ki aip ko asthāyī taur par ple-sṭor se haṭāyā gayā hai, āpake paise surakṣhit haiṁ"
}
aliases {
def_alias deva_characters_1, any("\u093E\u093F\u0940\u0941\u0942\u0943\u0944\u0945\u0947\u0948\u0949\u094B\u094C\u0020\u094d")
}
stage {
# RULES sub "क" + maybe("="), "k", after: deva_characters_1 sub "क", "k", after: boundary sub "ख" + maybe("="), "kh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ख", "kh", after: boundary sub "ग" + maybe("="), "g", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ग", "g", after: boundary sub "घ" + maybe("="), "gh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "घ", "gh", after: boundary sub "ङ" + maybe("="), "ṅ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ङ", "ṅ", after: boundary sub "च" + maybe("="), "ch", after: deva_characters_1 sub "च", "ch", after: boundary sub "छ" + maybe("="), "chh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "छ", "chh", after: boundary sub "ज" + maybe("="), "j", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ज", "j", after: boundary sub "झ" + maybe("="), "jh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "झ", "jh", after: boundary sub "ञ" + maybe("="), "ñ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ञ", "ñ", after: boundary sub "ट" + maybe("="), "ṭ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ट", "ṭ", after: boundary sub "ठ" + maybe("="), "ṭh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ठ", "ṭh", after: boundary sub "ड" + maybe("="), "ḍ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ड", "ḍ", after: boundary sub "ढ" + maybe("="), "ḍh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ढ", "ḍh", after: boundary sub "ण" + maybe("="), "ṇ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ण", "ṇ", after: boundary sub "त" + maybe("="), "t", after: deva_characters_1 sub "त", "t", after: boundary sub "थ" + maybe("="), "th", after: deva_characters_1 sub "थ", "th", after: boundary sub "द" + maybe("="), "d", after: deva_characters_1 sub "द", "d", after: boundary sub "ध" + maybe("="), "dh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ध", "dh", after: boundary sub "न" + maybe("="), "n", after: deva_characters_1 sub "न", "n", after: boundary sub "प" + maybe("="), "p", after: deva_characters_1 sub "प", "p", after: boundary sub "फ" + maybe("="), "ph", after: deva_characters_1 sub "फ", "ph", after: boundary sub "ब" + maybe("="), "b", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ब", "b", after: boundary sub "भ" + maybe("="), "bh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "भ", "bh", after: boundary sub "म" + maybe("="), "m", after: deva_characters_1 sub "म", "m", after: boundary sub "य" + maybe("="), "y", after: deva_characters_1 sub "य", "y", after: boundary sub "र" + maybe("="), "r", after: deva_characters_1 sub "र", "r", after: boundary sub "ल" + maybe("="), "l", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ल", "l", after: boundary sub "व" + maybe("="), "v", after: deva_characters_1 sub "व", "v", after: boundary sub "श" + maybe("="), "sh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "श", "sh", after: boundary sub "ष" + maybe("="), "ṣh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ष", "ṣh", after: boundary sub "स" + maybe("="), "s", after: deva_characters_1 sub "स", "s", after: boundary sub "क़" + maybe("="), "q", after: deva_characters_1 sub "क़", "q", after: boundary sub "ख़" + maybe("="), "ḳh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ख़", "ḳh", after: boundary sub "ग़" + maybe("="), "g", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ग़", "g", after: boundary sub "ज़" + maybe("="), "z", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ज़", "z", after: boundary sub "ड़" + maybe("="), "ṙ", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ड़", "ṙ", after: boundary sub "ढ़" + maybe("="), "ṙh", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ढ़", "ṙh", after: boundary sub "फ़" + maybe("="), "f", after: deva_characters_1 sub "फ़", "f", after: boundary sub "ह" + maybe("="), "h", after: deva_characters_1 sub "ह", "h", after: boundary # CHARACTERS parallel { # I. Independent vowel characters sub "अ", "a" sub "आ", "ā" sub "इ", "i" sub "ई", "ī" sub "उ", "u" sub "ऊ", "ū" sub "ऋ", "ṛ" sub "ॠ", "ṝ" sub "ऌ", "l̤" sub "ए", "e" sub "ऐ", "ai" sub "ओ", "o" sub "औ", "au" # II. Abbreviated vowel characters sub "ा", "ā" # का sub "ॉ", "ā̆ " # additional mark: कॉ sub "ि", "i" # कि i sub "ी", "ī" # की sub "ु", "u" # कु sub "ू", "ū" # कू sub "ृ", "ṛ" # कृ sub "े", "e" # के sub "ै", "ai" # कै sub "ो", "o" # को sub "ौ", "au" # कौ # Consonants (see Note 1) # Gutturals sub "क", "ka" sub "ख", "kha" sub "ग", "ga" sub "घ", "gha" sub "ङ", "ṅa" # Palatals sub "च", "cha" sub "छ", "chha" sub "ज", "ja" sub "झ", "jha" sub "ञ", "ña" # Cerebrals sub "ट", "ṭa" sub "ठ", "ṭha" sub "ड", "ḍa" sub "ढ", "ḍha" sub "ण", "ṇa" # Dentals sub "त", "ta" sub "थ", "tha" sub "द", "da" sub "ध", "dha" sub "न", "na" # Labials sub "प", "pa" sub "फ", "pha" sub "ब", "ba" sub "भ", "bha" sub "म", "ma" # Semivowels sub "य", "ya" sub "र", "ra" sub "ल", "la" sub "व", "va" # Sibilants sub "श", "sha" sub "ष", "ṣha" sub "स", "sa" # Dotted variants sub "क़", "qa" sub "ख़", "ḳha" sub "ग़", "ġa" sub "ज़", "za" sub "ड़", "ṙa" sub "ढ़", "ṙha" sub "फ़", "fa" # Aspirate sub "ह", "ha" # Anusvāra sub "ं", "ṁ" # Anunāsika sub "ँ", "m̐" # halanta sub "्", "" # bisharga sub "ः", "ḥ" #V. Ligatures(To cover all Ligatures at unicode) # Implemnting Pronunciation without a vowel: क् k. # Gutturals sub "क्", "k" sub "ख्", "kh" sub "ग्", "g" sub "घ्", "gh" sub "ङ्", "ṅ" # Palatals sub "च्", "ch" sub "छ्", "chh" sub "ज्", "j" sub "झ्", "jh" sub "ञ्", "ñ" # Cerebrals sub "ट्", "ṭ" sub "ठ्", "ṭh" sub "ड्", "ḍ" sub "ढ्", "ḍh" sub "ण्", "ṇ" # Dentals sub "त्", "t" sub "थ्", "th" sub "द्", "d" sub "ध्", "dh" sub "न्", "n" # Labials sub "प्", "p" sub "फ्", "ph" sub "ब्", "b" sub "भ्", "bh" sub "म्", "m" # Semivowels sub "य्", "y" sub "र्", "r" sub "ल्", "l" sub "व्", "v" # Sibilants sub "श्", "sh" sub "ष्", "ṣh" sub "स्", "s" # Dotted variants sub "क़्", "q" sub "ख़्", "ḳh" sub "ग़्", "ġ" sub "ज़्", "z" sub "ड़्", "ṙ" sub "ढ़्", "ṙh" sub "फ़्", "f" } compose
}